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French Revolution The Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution: the international situation had led to restore the Stuarts to the throne. The crown is given to Charles II, who remembered the fate of the king predecessor had a fairly peaceful coexistence with the government. The trouble came when, with James II (about 40 years after the conviction of Charles I) James II had no more precautions than its predecessor: it took actions that created suspicion.
English law stipulated that to enter public office had to be Protestants. The Catholics could not take significant positions in public administration, seen as followers because another head of state. Catholics in England were also called Papists.
James II wanted to abolish this law. [In England the Anglican is unthinkable to have a prime minister papist. Tony Blair in fact, is only converted to Catholicism after leaving the office.]
All nobles unite against James II, the Glorious Revolution breaks out.

When is a Glorious Revolution?
The glorious revolution is called because he had no bloodshed. James II fled because he found himself helpless: no army commander was willing to risk their lives to defend their King
Power in England imploded. Implosion: empty power, the sovereign Haque understands that his orders are not carried out, especially in the military.

Given the experience with Cromwell, the British chose not to retry the way of the Republic.
decided to invoke a new king, as long as its power is subject to certain conditions.

The conditions were written in black and white in the Bill of Rights, a document issued in 1689.
The Bill of Rights was similar to the Petition of Right, a set of rules issued in 1628 by King Charles I.
The Petition of Right, however, the King was above the stands, the Bill of Rights in fact limited its power.

The Bill of Rights had ruled that the English crown should be given to a Protestant which undertakes to enforce the old values \u200b\u200band that English should be the guarantor of the rights of subjects.

The Bill of Rights was signed by Mary Stuart and William of Orange
Stuart was chosen to avoid a cut with the past could not choose a stranger but I had to find someone who would guarantee the institutions. William
however, was lieutenant (stadtholder) in the Netherlands on behalf of Spain. She had to leave office in exchange for the English crown. (It is more important to the dynasty that nationality).

With the Bill of Rights, the British monarchy became (and still is) the model of constitutional monarchy. The Bill of Rights is still valid in the United Kingdom after 320 years and is considered one of the cornerstones of the Constitution of the UK. The only difference is that unlike the past, now the Queen reigns but does not govern.

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Pierre Paul Riquet

Pierre Paul Riquet, French (1609-1680), contractor fees, touring around France to do his job he realizes there is a point where the watershed between the Atlantic and Mediterranean has only 160 vertical meters .
France at that time to bring goods from the Atlantic coast to the Mediterranean was to take his boat to circumnavigate Spain. When Spain and France had diplomatic problems, however, these ships were struggling to pass.
Riquet are plans to build a system of canals that cross the Mediterranean from the Atlantic to France can find rivers that feed it. Once she
projects goes to Colbert, who approves them. Riquet but they must build at his own expense. In return he received all the profits for the toll. Opened a shipyard for the construction of 12 thousand workers. Unfortunately, he died six months before the completion of his great work: the Canal du Midi, the canal linking the Mediterranean to Toulouse.
The Canal du Midi viaducts extraordinary given the time of construction: Whether a height, in a tunnel closed. It was designed by Vauban, the greatest engineer of the time.

The advantages of the Canal du Midi in relation to circumnavigation Spain were impressive:
· Save time
· no problem diplomatically,
· no damage caused by bad weather
· no action piracy.

Disadvantages:
· were built 35 feet long closed, the ships were at the time of 25. After a few decades, however, the vessels will be much longer. Riquet
· The family began to earn after 90 years in 1979 after the Revolution became the channel state, and no longer private. The family has gained only about fifteen years.

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Freedom of Information


Yesterday, Saturday, Oct. 3, I've also participated in the demonstration for press freedom. I went outside the Italian embassy in Berlin where I live. Actually I have not participated in this event because it is in conjunction with that of the reunification of Germany, due to traffic when I arrived everything was already done. They are, however, was still lucky. I had the pleasure of speaking with Laura Garavini , elected to Italian Parliament in the Overseas Europe and leader of the PDs in anti-mafia commission. I asked because I was always late, if I could ask you some questions on the issue of press freedom in Italy and having "bitch" is still warm, I wanted to do even a question on the tax shield, as you know, has become law. This is also due, as well as six members of a UDC and IDV, twenty-two of the PD. Unfortunately, given the large presence of people like me, eager to exchange a few words with Mr Garavini, I could not get the attention that I expected. Ms Garavini was still polite, he exchanged a few words and I asked, given the questions that I asked to go to the Berlin Circle of PD. I think, commitments permitting, I'll accept the invitation.

Now I say what I think:
not believe that the real problem in Italy is not so much the lack of press freedom but the fact that in my opinion there is no fairness of the press? Let me explain. Because the journalists who denounced this as lack of freedom does not begin to tell what are the pressures and suffering by those who suffer? Why the press very attentive to the events of the end user, was completely absent from the event "Red Diary" organized by Salvatore Borsellino September 26 in Rome? Why no daily, except for some small blurb, spoke of this event? Why when there was the demonstration in Piazza Navona organized by the National Victims of the Mafia family in Sonia Alfano is the President, the press and broadcast media gave prominence to the controversy absolute banner on which was written "Napolitano sleeps the people rise" In the words of Peter or Guzzanti, while not even gave a little to those Salvatore Borsellino , true soul and organizer of the event?

I believe that those who denounce something as serious as the lack of press freedom, first of all should be okay with his conscience. Our reporters have many faults and their politicians. If today we find ourselves in this sad condition is also and above all their fault, that too often told what they wanted, lowering his head in front of the powerful shift or for personal gain. If they had given voice to these true heroes of our day, people who fight the mafia in the field, in the midst of people, maybe we would not be in this condition. Now is the right expression, but it made a bell'esame of consciousness. The faults are not all of Berlusconi, we all know now who is Berlusconi. He has only done what enabled him to do. Who was guarding certain powers has not done its duty when it was time and of course those who, in most legislatures, he never wanted to make a law on conflict of ineteresse is very guilty. Another example of fake opposition is the absence of PD 22 Members voting for the tax shield. This law will allow tax evaders to include Italy in their capital. You will pay a small fine of 5% of the total amount and you will have the guarantee of anonymity (in other states the fine is 40-50% and there is no anonymity). What can I say. Mafia & C. thank you. My invitation to Mrs. Garavini then, given his position as leader in anti-mafia committee for the PD is to be closer to people like Sonia Alfano Salvatore Borsellino and hoping the next event "Red Diary" to see her in front row with the common people who definitely will not use the tax shield. These events policies are not as our press has frequently suggested in the past (so to speak of correctness of the press) and anyone with any sense of respect and civic institutions should participate.

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Giordano Bruno

Copernicus's book description is true or mathematical hypothesis?
Giordano Bruno, Nola, takes as its description true Copernican theory.
Aristotelian theory places the finite universe, Bruno thinks this is impossible, he believes the universe is infinite. In addition, because the infinite is only one universe is infinite, God is the universe.

Bruno was a pantheist (= pantheism all is God, God coincides with the totality of reality). For his conflicting ideas had to leave the church.
was not frowned upon by this only because of his belief in Copernican theory, but mainly because he wrote his treatises in the vernacular so that everyone can understand.

"The shop of the beast triumphant" book that will take him to die.

"De l'Infinite Universe and Worlds" Bruno is the first to think of the infinite universe and think that there are other planets, possibly Earth-like settlements.

is in danger, however, for supporting the movement of the earth. Ends badly for one of the areas that seemed sure there is the Republic of Venice (in '500 had with the church the question of interdict). Bruno, however, does not compute that Venice had no problems to not extradite a citizen.
Giordano Bruno moved to accept the hospitality of Mocenigo Venice, which in turn, asks him lessons mnemonic (Bruno enough to read to learn).
Mocenigo, Bruno even if it takes all the good intentions, fails to make progress, probably because inattentive type and no natural predisposition to the mnemonic. Bruno
therefore fails in its teaching and Mocenigo feels cheated. He decides to take revenge and denounces the Inquisition for his ideas.

Bruno is processed and is offered a plea bargain, will serve a minimum sentence if he decides to recant.

In February 1600 Bruno was burned at the stake in Rome. The burning of Giordano Bruno has weighed on the philosophical and scientific debates of our country. Throughout the next century philosophers will always have fear of ending up at the stake for their beliefs.