How Much Is A Topsy Turvy Cake Cost

The growing number of hotels and restaurants but the "pie" is increasingly lean ..

President Urata Marcello Cresti: "The companies are in trouble." Warning to municipalities that consolidate existing activities and not grant other licenses in this moment of crisis

Castiglione del Lago

Surprise, the number of activities operating in hotels and restaurants registered a "plus" even in lean times. Unioncamere The data relating to business premises in the third quarter of 2009 suggest positive with an increase of 22 units throughout the district over the same period in 2008, but Marcello Cresti, president of the Union of Hoteliers and Restaurateurs Trasimeno (Urata) the figure is less than reassuring, as the slices of cake at this point undergo a further dimension for small businesses that make up the sector. A year ago there were 370 active ones in the eight municipalities area, resulting in the September 392. However, a premise: Infocamere data were taken into account for companies' income "are aggregated for the two sectors, hospitality and catering. Not therefore provide a close but an overview of the current economic situation. Moreover these two areas are similar in many aspects of management but for the end user requiring some distinctions. The first: as a structure depends heavily on the tourist traffic, a restaurant is also working with local customers, and many cottages and hotels to address the main activity cucina.L good 'single municipality in which there was a decrease is Piegaro, losing two players from 2008 (today 14). In other markets, where more or less degree, the increase is limited to the fingers of one hand. In the birthplace of Perugino after one year there are five new games already operating taxes (around 43), many in Magione (92). Hotels and restaurant in Panicale grow instead of four units (36), Paciano Tuoro and one (respectively 11 and 38). Passignano only raises his head to the crisis with seven new firms from those active, reaching a height of 63. Separate chapter is the one of the companies "registered", resulting in greater numbers than those classified as "Active" but the reading of data at this point could become complicated. The operating structures in the industry, highlights instead Cresti dell'Urat are characterized simple. "The company kind to Lake Trasimeno is a family business, with few employees or without external staff: a small part works almost with a 'monoclientele', but cases are small. Most of the structures could hardly survive, and maybe try to save money hiring workers not covered. So, if we consider a drop of about 10% in the number of tourists, an increase of exercises the number of customers becomes less and less. " So not a reassuring prospect for President Urata, tied so essential to the fate of the lake. But while it highlights the persistence of structural problems in which local institutions can not attend the other calls on municipalities to strengthen existing businesses rather than food insecurity by issuing new licenses.

When the brush roll.
Il Perugino inspires. In the land of the divine painter, Città della Pieve, 2006 to 2009, companies involved in hotel and hospitality increased by nine units from 34 to 43.È the highest increase recorded for all eight municipalities of Lake Trasimeno. Passignano, "capital" Instead of the hotel marks an increase of three units: 60 in 2006, 56 in 2008, 63 in 2009.

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Stealing, a passion to be "super"

women, young and pretty ..: the goods stolen from the shelves of supermarkets are the most popular cosmetics and creams. Plucked from the video surveillance are rarely reported.

Castiglione del Lago

Women like creams, lipsticks, eye liner. Among the boys are all the cars to deodorants, cotton socks, shoe polish for fetishists. Christmas gifts? Not at all. They are among the products that magically to disappear from the largest supermarkets Castiglione, but that does not pass through the chest as they should. In the not too rosy for the portfolios, hands-Leste to food prefer perfumes and cosmetics. At the Coop supermarket, for example, show us a basket full of boxes that has been stolen content. Of course it was brought home without spending a penny. But in this as in other large-scale retail outlets, located in the town's largest lake, small thefts are on the agenda. "The average is high" respond in a discount store where it is spending more light should be less need to steal. But in this case more than necessary, you must speak of mania. They are called kleptomania. The media is contained, walk the thirty products per month, and nearly all fall within the "basket" of the superfluous. Foodstuffs are a very small slice. "Every month there are two, number two empty boxes of the same brand of chocolate soluble. It will always be the same person .. "he says a cashier in a store. At the immorality of snacks and nibble snacks during the tour of expenditure among the shelves, some ladies (so to speak) and cosmetic creams prefer to grab more and less expensive. "They are easier to hide," said the head of a second shop. But not all the packages within the the palm of your hand. Among the products of the thieves rating bookshelf there are the scents for environments, from home to those for the car. To say it with a smile, to track the thief in these cases just a "good" nose. Yet there are few cases in which the hand Leste - woman or man who is - is discovered in flagrante. In the past, some supermarkets wandered the aisles a watcher, and someone in fact has been pinched. The gesture hardly ever complained, "because it's worth it" agree in number. But in the absence of cameras, identification is almost impossible. The goods stolen are often reported as faulty. In the smaller stores situation varies slightly, because they often become almost folkloric hand Leste - often women - now known. "Not if it saves one - joke of an operator via Buozzi -. Sometimes the hidden packages of salmon fillets in the portfolio of the double bag. Or someone is secured by certain products and you always crave to put everything on the counter. There are cameras but enough to turn around a minute e.. "Distraction A few days ago in a food Vaiano theft has cost the cash-fund. The thief, however, has paid the chocolate that he had taken on the bench.

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The "Two Lune "opens its doors to Vernazzano

The historic club was closed in 2005 for administrative irregularities. Two teens Tuoro working to open in February. When the "Bond" starts in the morning ..

Tuoro sul Trasimeno

On the web blog is still active on the committee "re-open Two Moons", born in December 2005 to demand the reopening of the famous Bond Club locations in Vernazza , closed in November of that year by the Guardia di Finanza to administrative irregularities. In twenty years of honorable cultural activities will be recalled, almost unknown among the musical groups held a baptism, a crowded concert Subsonica in 1997. Just to mention. In January 2006, with the solidarity of the AMM inistrazione City, was presented a petition of 1,500 signatures (also 1750) to the President of the Regional Council Tippolotti Mauro. History. Yes, because in February the Club "Two Moons" is ready to go, thanks to the will and determination of two twentysomethings toreggiani, Matt Pepin and Flavio Piazzesi. After explaining the project to the municipal administration, from January 1 will start the lease agreement with the property, and the greeting will always be that of the cultural association in the system of authorization at the time. For a week Matt and Flavio work hard every day in the early restorations, which are followed by intervention of technicians. "Weather permitting, will open in February." Meanwhile, in a pose and a painted stucco, have put in all the right contacts, from the provision of furniture and drinks at the "menu" of music that continue to be the main course of the Two Moons. But the resource is more genuine enthusiasm. An adventure with your eyes closed? "We have six years in the catering sector" meet Matt and Flavia. Young but edgy.

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The roundabout becomes a track off-road

Over the weekend vandals used a roundabout on SR 71 for Divertis the jeep taking advantage of the dark. In the past, the perpetrators of such actions had been tracked down and punished with the license rititro

Castiglione del Lago

The roundabout between 71 and sr 306 of Castiglione, the road becomes a track for the vandals guide jeep off road. Have already been "pinched" in the past by the Municipal Police and the Road then the stunt had cost the disqualification and the seizure of the vehicle. But after some time last weekend some loudmouth is back on the intersection for 'fun' with your SUV. Are still evident in the footsteps left by the tires is sull'aiuola marking the acceleration lane from Castiglione del Lago that those present on the green in the middle of the roundabout. In particular on the latter tracks are visible on all sides: the cars to look good not only crossed the lawn in a straight line from one direction to another but also in a ring. The vandals took advantage of a short-circuiting the light in the darkness that has left the roundabout from Thursday until Sunday evening. Monday, thanks to local laborers was reactivated in part, and yesterday was a new survey conducted by the Office of the Municipal Gonzo councilor and the project supervisor. As makers of the act of vandalism, on the basis of the findings were identified some people already known to police for similar antics. A little collegiate action, not only because in violation of the Highway Code but also accomplished in a very dangerous stretch, which still has painful memories of the deaths occurred when the roundabout was not there yet.

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Tales of Ordinary Madness Anarcho-FASCIST

Saturday, November 28, 2009 at 18:00 at the Palace of Conventions in Jesi debate was held on "secularism, atheism and clericalism" organized by anarchists of the "Centro Studi Libertarian Luigi Fabbri." For now we do not go the merits of the introduction of the official report of the anarchists and Francesco Paoletti , 's UAAR of Rome: let's just say that a meeting of the Sisters Calasanz Ponte Buggianese would have been much bolder. We will return.

In any case at the end of the debate, shortly after 20:00 the head of the anarchist circle, in the presence of dozens of people, in an obvious state of mental impairment, has suddenly started to yell at one of our comrades dell'UAACS loudly and with a threatening tone: "You've broken the co .... ni, str ... or I'll break the c ... or catch you on the street, you I have been looking at home and we'll beat the living daylights ".

Incredulous and stunned by the unexpected reaction so unmotivated our companion turned immediately to a known former member of the PRC Communist and former member of the Federation Secretariat PRC Ancona, who were asked to witness the injuries and serious threats that were addressed. The kid, sorry, the well-known politician, he said quote: "I do not feel, I am deaf" (sic).

Then our comrade is also addressed to the wife of this famous politician, which in turn had been the City Councillor for Public Works and member of the Di Jesi PRC National Political Committee, but also her rival of sublime example of her husband, has remained silent despite the crescendo of insults and threats ringleader of the reservoir of the anarchist circle : "Do not come over to our initiatives and do not try again anarchists to criticize us with your items, otherwise I'll kill you. Police informant (sic). Traitor to the working class (sic). Exit of here now or I'll crack your c.. O ".

There were at least a dozen " fervent disciples" anarchists some of them nodded their heads, some enthusiastic comments, and others looked ominously our partner. In short, it was clear the immediate threat of a real physical lynching, after the moral. Although the right to remain in that public place our companion was forced against his will to leave the room, while the screams of the frantic Bakuninist still so strong that they could also be heard by passers-by of course the city that it is stopped and turned towards the entrance to see what was going on.

noticina A costume worthy of the two insults really pathetic, though terribly serious, "police informer and traitor to the working class."

Anarchists, as we know, are more anti Forza Forza Nuova and Italy combined; are the Stalinists dell'antistalinismo and in fact they do not know what to say when they pull out the magic word: "Stalinist."

This time I have used it. They have done better. They behaved in a surreal sort of transference -ideological, like the Stalinists that exist only in their brain and the ones that were invented in movies and American literature and Western ugly, sadistic, brutal and rude and that turn to political opponents gross lies and delirious with the sole aim to de-legitimize and then liquidate them physically. Congratulations! A truly masterful interpretation!

But we do not drink that garbage politics and we are sufficiently hardened by the discipline leninsta-Soviet Marxist- not scare us at all against such pantomime.

However, for the avoidance of doubt, the UAACS to ensure the safety of its members, has already filed a complaint against this true act of political banditry and squads ; not allow itself to be intimidated by these practice of racketeering political , with connotations paramafiose continue to participate in any public initiative and denounce this and other violent intimidation of anarcho-fascists of Libertarian Studies Centre.

If something should happen in the future dell'UAACS members will know where to find those responsible.

worthy of the best Italian comedies in Sicilian sauce, was the interpretation of our own two fake communists. How many times "from their institutional roles bourgeois" will certainly "pontificate" against the Mafia code of silence that exists in some southern regions, only to be silent accomplices of a moral lynching and an attempt to lynch physical. What sublime figures of "comrades"!

But then what to expect from two ex-activists of the party that we should rename Rifognazione immoral (given the aristocratic acquaintances and seedy characters that have joined during the reign of Bertinotti) and that he could not do better service to the proletariat that disappear permanently from the Parliament of the Italian bourgeois dictatorship.

UAACS - Union for anti-religious atheism and Soviet communism

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The embrace of Agilla and Trasimeno

It is said that even today

is possible to see the nymph

Agilla close to the prince Trasimeno in the embrace

love that was fatal.

Just close your eyes for a few minutes and let

penetrate the soul of silence

of the lake, until ilcanto Waterfowl

not become shrill and hectic around the outlines of two lovers.

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BERSANI 1: CROSS AND NOODLES

Don Bersani did not even have time to establish themselves as the new secretary of the Democratic Party that already wants to show all his inspiration and his devotion to the Vatican:

"I think that an ancient tradition as that of the cross can not be offensive to anyone ... in this sensitive field common sense turns out to be a victim of the law. "

's right, just common sense and not enough cunning sophistry paraclericali to understand that any religious symbol (let alone one so brutal and morally harmful) may be present in public places. But Bersani first is his personal "sense of Noodles" and "right" of the European Court (With all due respect to the noodles that are worth more than the crucifix).

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BERSANI 2: INNO illiteracy

The new secretary of PD Bersani is keen to be known for what it is and solemnly declares:
" I say that if we do not like people watching Channel 4 we are not a party popular. "
to say: we all become illiterate instead of teaching reading to those who do not know.

There is still some doubt that the Democratic Party is simply a PDL less than L? There is still some doubt that all so-called democratic parties are simply criminal organizations in the service of capitalism and the bourgeoisie?

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Mayors pass, the pigeons are

Castiglione del Lago

The City dusts off an old order to contain the population "town" of Columba Livia. "Dust off" in the true meaning of the term: not only has remained as such on the "order of October 16, 2002" - In which the fund could also pass for a distraction - but also the signature of the mayor at the time! At the bottom of two pages of background, considerations and provisions blabla says the mayor "Fiorello First" (two bands tricolor ago). It 's true: the mayors pass, the birds remain (and pheasants as well).

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SAN MARTINO IN THE CELLAR

The appointment book reports Sunday, November 15 - The the new wines and great wines to be aged in their first outlets are, for the second year, leaders of San Martino in Cantina, l ' Autumn appointment signed by the Movimento Turismo del Vino

A warm Indian summer, new wine young, soft and fruity, it teases the palate, but also great old wines you will discover after a long wait. And yet, the friendly slap on the part of wineries of the Wine Tourism Movement of Umbria and the opportunity to spend a day outdoors in a warm and cheerful.
These are the ingredients of San Martino in Cantina, the event that after the success of last year, returns Sunday, November 15 in fifteen wineries in the region that welcome visitors with the wines they produce in conjunction with local products and related initiatives of a cultural nature.
The chocolate will be among the protagonists of the event, thanks to a renewed collaboration with Perugia, which will allow enonauts to discover new combinations between wine and food of the gods.
Finally, for this occasion, the Movimento Turismo del Vino Umbria reiterates its solidarity with the Committee for Life "Daniele Chianelli, the umbra of Voluntary Association raises money for research and treatment of tumors and leukemia of children. Through the initiative a glass to life, in all the wineries will be able to help raise funds for the hospitality of sick children and their families at the Residence Daniele Chianelli, buy a cup, and its pocket, signed by the Committee.

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ISLAND CELEBRATES MAJOR CAPITAL OF THE BOOK? YES, WE CAN.

The publisher and wholesaler of books Italo Marri has proposed the project "Island of the Book" to become the Pearl of the Trasimeno a reference point of the book market in central Italy. The City gives the go-program agreement, which envisages the cooperation of traders and the establishment of 15 stores.

Tuoro sul Trasimeno

to Polvese A Casino? There's even better: Isola Maggiore is set to become the "Island of the Book", a landmark in central Italy for the book market. The mystical place where she landed San Francisco is an ideal destination for inviting writers looking for inspiration, for literary awards, conferences and cultural events in thickness. But not all: the idea is to set up 15 stores permanent books with the involvement of commercial operators. In short, a real center of the book with an interesting induced tourism. The ambition is there but not only that. The project was advanced by the publisher and wholesaler of books Italo Marri, and was welcomed by the City of Tuoro, where the junta has given the green light to the signing of the program for the realization of the "Island of the Book" the mandate entrusted to the Culture Lorenzo Borgia. A first step preliminary to the establishment of a Foundation ad hoc which will bring together public and private partners. The lowest common denominator between institutions and entrepreneurship on the one hand it will be the enhancement of the town and especially of Isola Maggiore, the other a widespread dissemination of the book in a strategic context in terms of tourism for the benefit of operators and also beyond. In essence it would be to allocate premises already available - such as Island and elsewhere in the territory of the capital tower, identified in agreement with the City - for the sale of books which will supply the same Marri and a distribution company editorial to opposite direction. The fifteen points of sale provided, characterized by theme or publisher, will be permanent and managed by the owner of the premises, or by a cooperative foundation in charge of the future, while books will be available on consignment from publishing distribution. On this system will be grafted side events can lead to Tuoro and Isola Maggiore tourism niche but perhaps less explored in Umbria. For example providing the residence to writers who want to write their work during a free stay at Island in the province or other local institutions and cultural events related to publishing: literary awards, conferences, book presentations with author and figurative extensions. All the activities from disclosure to the press, from writing to reading, will direct the Foundation's future, which will be headed to Cyrus and Christopher Marri and his writing project will incorporate public and private entities.

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French Revolution The Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution: the international situation had led to restore the Stuarts to the throne. The crown is given to Charles II, who remembered the fate of the king predecessor had a fairly peaceful coexistence with the government. The trouble came when, with James II (about 40 years after the conviction of Charles I) James II had no more precautions than its predecessor: it took actions that created suspicion.
English law stipulated that to enter public office had to be Protestants. The Catholics could not take significant positions in public administration, seen as followers because another head of state. Catholics in England were also called Papists.
James II wanted to abolish this law. [In England the Anglican is unthinkable to have a prime minister papist. Tony Blair in fact, is only converted to Catholicism after leaving the office.]
All nobles unite against James II, the Glorious Revolution breaks out.

When is a Glorious Revolution?
The glorious revolution is called because he had no bloodshed. James II fled because he found himself helpless: no army commander was willing to risk their lives to defend their King
Power in England imploded. Implosion: empty power, the sovereign Haque understands that his orders are not carried out, especially in the military.

Given the experience with Cromwell, the British chose not to retry the way of the Republic.
decided to invoke a new king, as long as its power is subject to certain conditions.

The conditions were written in black and white in the Bill of Rights, a document issued in 1689.
The Bill of Rights was similar to the Petition of Right, a set of rules issued in 1628 by King Charles I.
The Petition of Right, however, the King was above the stands, the Bill of Rights in fact limited its power.

The Bill of Rights had ruled that the English crown should be given to a Protestant which undertakes to enforce the old values \u200b\u200band that English should be the guarantor of the rights of subjects.

The Bill of Rights was signed by Mary Stuart and William of Orange
Stuart was chosen to avoid a cut with the past could not choose a stranger but I had to find someone who would guarantee the institutions. William
however, was lieutenant (stadtholder) in the Netherlands on behalf of Spain. She had to leave office in exchange for the English crown. (It is more important to the dynasty that nationality).

With the Bill of Rights, the British monarchy became (and still is) the model of constitutional monarchy. The Bill of Rights is still valid in the United Kingdom after 320 years and is considered one of the cornerstones of the Constitution of the UK. The only difference is that unlike the past, now the Queen reigns but does not govern.

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Pierre Paul Riquet

Pierre Paul Riquet, French (1609-1680), contractor fees, touring around France to do his job he realizes there is a point where the watershed between the Atlantic and Mediterranean has only 160 vertical meters .
France at that time to bring goods from the Atlantic coast to the Mediterranean was to take his boat to circumnavigate Spain. When Spain and France had diplomatic problems, however, these ships were struggling to pass.
Riquet are plans to build a system of canals that cross the Mediterranean from the Atlantic to France can find rivers that feed it. Once she
projects goes to Colbert, who approves them. Riquet but they must build at his own expense. In return he received all the profits for the toll. Opened a shipyard for the construction of 12 thousand workers. Unfortunately, he died six months before the completion of his great work: the Canal du Midi, the canal linking the Mediterranean to Toulouse.
The Canal du Midi viaducts extraordinary given the time of construction: Whether a height, in a tunnel closed. It was designed by Vauban, the greatest engineer of the time.

The advantages of the Canal du Midi in relation to circumnavigation Spain were impressive:
· Save time
· no problem diplomatically,
· no damage caused by bad weather
· no action piracy.

Disadvantages:
· were built 35 feet long closed, the ships were at the time of 25. After a few decades, however, the vessels will be much longer. Riquet
· The family began to earn after 90 years in 1979 after the Revolution became the channel state, and no longer private. The family has gained only about fifteen years.

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Freedom of Information


Yesterday, Saturday, Oct. 3, I've also participated in the demonstration for press freedom. I went outside the Italian embassy in Berlin where I live. Actually I have not participated in this event because it is in conjunction with that of the reunification of Germany, due to traffic when I arrived everything was already done. They are, however, was still lucky. I had the pleasure of speaking with Laura Garavini , elected to Italian Parliament in the Overseas Europe and leader of the PDs in anti-mafia commission. I asked because I was always late, if I could ask you some questions on the issue of press freedom in Italy and having "bitch" is still warm, I wanted to do even a question on the tax shield, as you know, has become law. This is also due, as well as six members of a UDC and IDV, twenty-two of the PD. Unfortunately, given the large presence of people like me, eager to exchange a few words with Mr Garavini, I could not get the attention that I expected. Ms Garavini was still polite, he exchanged a few words and I asked, given the questions that I asked to go to the Berlin Circle of PD. I think, commitments permitting, I'll accept the invitation.

Now I say what I think:
not believe that the real problem in Italy is not so much the lack of press freedom but the fact that in my opinion there is no fairness of the press? Let me explain. Because the journalists who denounced this as lack of freedom does not begin to tell what are the pressures and suffering by those who suffer? Why the press very attentive to the events of the end user, was completely absent from the event "Red Diary" organized by Salvatore Borsellino September 26 in Rome? Why no daily, except for some small blurb, spoke of this event? Why when there was the demonstration in Piazza Navona organized by the National Victims of the Mafia family in Sonia Alfano is the President, the press and broadcast media gave prominence to the controversy absolute banner on which was written "Napolitano sleeps the people rise" In the words of Peter or Guzzanti, while not even gave a little to those Salvatore Borsellino , true soul and organizer of the event?

I believe that those who denounce something as serious as the lack of press freedom, first of all should be okay with his conscience. Our reporters have many faults and their politicians. If today we find ourselves in this sad condition is also and above all their fault, that too often told what they wanted, lowering his head in front of the powerful shift or for personal gain. If they had given voice to these true heroes of our day, people who fight the mafia in the field, in the midst of people, maybe we would not be in this condition. Now is the right expression, but it made a bell'esame of consciousness. The faults are not all of Berlusconi, we all know now who is Berlusconi. He has only done what enabled him to do. Who was guarding certain powers has not done its duty when it was time and of course those who, in most legislatures, he never wanted to make a law on conflict of ineteresse is very guilty. Another example of fake opposition is the absence of PD 22 Members voting for the tax shield. This law will allow tax evaders to include Italy in their capital. You will pay a small fine of 5% of the total amount and you will have the guarantee of anonymity (in other states the fine is 40-50% and there is no anonymity). What can I say. Mafia & C. thank you. My invitation to Mrs. Garavini then, given his position as leader in anti-mafia committee for the PD is to be closer to people like Sonia Alfano Salvatore Borsellino and hoping the next event "Red Diary" to see her in front row with the common people who definitely will not use the tax shield. These events policies are not as our press has frequently suggested in the past (so to speak of correctness of the press) and anyone with any sense of respect and civic institutions should participate.

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Giordano Bruno

Copernicus's book description is true or mathematical hypothesis?
Giordano Bruno, Nola, takes as its description true Copernican theory.
Aristotelian theory places the finite universe, Bruno thinks this is impossible, he believes the universe is infinite. In addition, because the infinite is only one universe is infinite, God is the universe.

Bruno was a pantheist (= pantheism all is God, God coincides with the totality of reality). For his conflicting ideas had to leave the church.
was not frowned upon by this only because of his belief in Copernican theory, but mainly because he wrote his treatises in the vernacular so that everyone can understand.

"The shop of the beast triumphant" book that will take him to die.

"De l'Infinite Universe and Worlds" Bruno is the first to think of the infinite universe and think that there are other planets, possibly Earth-like settlements.

is in danger, however, for supporting the movement of the earth. Ends badly for one of the areas that seemed sure there is the Republic of Venice (in '500 had with the church the question of interdict). Bruno, however, does not compute that Venice had no problems to not extradite a citizen.
Giordano Bruno moved to accept the hospitality of Mocenigo Venice, which in turn, asks him lessons mnemonic (Bruno enough to read to learn).
Mocenigo, Bruno even if it takes all the good intentions, fails to make progress, probably because inattentive type and no natural predisposition to the mnemonic. Bruno
therefore fails in its teaching and Mocenigo feels cheated. He decides to take revenge and denounces the Inquisition for his ideas.

Bruno is processed and is offered a plea bargain, will serve a minimum sentence if he decides to recant.

In February 1600 Bruno was burned at the stake in Rome. The burning of Giordano Bruno has weighed on the philosophical and scientific debates of our country. Throughout the next century philosophers will always have fear of ending up at the stake for their beliefs.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

Sciences Real, hypothetical-deductive science.
Physics is real or hypothetical deductive? Newton writes, "Filosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica." It combines the real and hypothetical-deductive science.

The Ptolemaic model had always had excessive errors but could be adjusted by introducing spheres that rotate on ball bearings and so on. Suffice it to say that at the time of Aristotle it was thought that the balls were fifty, while the 500 had arrived at 70.


We have been waiting for the answer to the winter semester, which would last 180 days and the summer 185.
Kepler will be a few decades later to explain that the differences between the two semesters because there are the orbits are elliptical and the speed is variable.

Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish priest takes up the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus of Samos. The earth rotates on itself. The key points were, however, that the system was moving in a circle at constant speed, as had been theorized in the Ptolemaic model.

Copernicus with much hesitation, because it was against the church, decided to publish "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" book which is his theory.
In the meantime, however, is ill. The publication is edited by Andrea Osiander then, that accompanies the work with an anonymous preface explains that the heliocentric system was not to be understood as a description of the Universe it is actually, but it was only a mathematical tool to clarify and simplify the calculations that have to do with the movement of planets.

Osiander was a Lutheran pastor. Friendship with Copernicus shows how the latter was not interested in the disputes of the church, but it was an open type.

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Telesio Bernardino, Notes

Bernardino Telesio is an Italian philosopher of the first half of the 500.
follows the path indicated by Leonardo: try to understand how things work in nature.
writes "De Rerum Natura juxta's principles."

Aristotle explained that the nature of things in order to reveal the principles of nature. By the time the men
the discoveries were made on the path of abandoning the magic of Aristotle.

Bernardino Telesio back to study the nature according to its own laws.

It begins in this period to divide in science: real
· Science (which deals with Res =)
Science Hypothetical Deductive (= formula relies on assumptions and consequences). This model can provide good approximations of reality. Example: Math.

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Louis XIV built the Palace of Versailles

Louis XIV feared the nobility.
To avoid possible catastrophic effects caused by the riots of people vote for a strategic need to move the seat of government, then rented the palace of the Louvre, outside Paris. Start building the palace of Versailles.

To weaken the economic strength (and therefore military) of the French nobility, Louis XIV makes mandatory court life. In this way it can control the noble organizing parties several times a week and causes them to spend. In order not to disfigure the presence of the King because they had to buy new clothes for every occasion.

Louis XIV also decreases the power of ministers, riassegnadogli those primary. (Minister = servant). Thus there is a break with the past (Mazarin, Richelieu). The Minister must not serve the king
is chosen according to the family of origin but a meritocracy, his ability nonhardly fails or the King suspected his deception, is replaced. He did not provide guarantees or privileges for life.

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The Dutch United Provinces after the Peace of Westphalia was declared independent.
then began to expand commercially (New York was founded as New Amsterdam, Dutch store). The Dutch East India Company created trading posts along the Atlantic and Pacific. They work almost all the trade that Indonesia has with Europe and were the only ones able to have trade relations with Japan.

The Dutch United Provinces are the only country in Europe where there is religious tolerance.

• In France freedom of worship was given to the Huguenots by the Edict of Nantes Henry V. This freedom, however, was denied by the coming of Louis XIV. Habsburg
· In the north, in Silesia, after the Peace of Westphalia, the reformist group can provide a moderate freedom of worship. They could build churches and outside to see they did not give places of worship. The churches, in limited quantities, also had to be constructed of durable material such as wood (no brick, stone).
· Spain imposed the conversion, those who are not converted was forced to exile. Many Jews went to exile in Portugal. After some time the English Portugal enacted the same law. When Jews exiled a second time, they chose the Dutch United Provinces.
• in the other were worth to the "deceased Royal eius religio.

Dutch United Provinces: the stated tolerance
· Calvin Armenian (Armin) were the most liberal Calvinists
· Calvin Gomar (by Gomar) and tighter attached to the laws of religion.
·
· Christian Jews (from the states from which they were exiled).

In Europe the only other areas where there was freedom of worship were the areas dominated by Muslims: the public could profess any religion, but if different from Islam were subjected to a fee.

Spain begins to decay. The Habsburgs to cede the crown to prevent other families began to marry each other. This process produces children with serious health problems or even mental. The Kings of this time to die young as a result of genetic diseases which they are charged.

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Religion in Europe since the Middle Ages to humanism

In the early years of the historian Johan Huizinga 900 writes a book on the 300-400 and entitled "Autumn of the Middle Ages."

Regarding the philosophy is the end of the school, there is a process of opening up new horizons.

Decrease interest in the afterlife, in favor of that for the aldiqua. Tramontano models of religious life (in the Middle Ages it was thought that the best were those who were made a priest, brother .. giving up the pleasures and desires of the flesh).

The thought that comes at this time but believes a better family man honest, providing for the continuity of the family and species than a religious leader.

Huius specula (= in this world). The process of secularization and appreciation of things of this world.

The philosophy of humanism is primarily a moral philosophy, the mores. The model shown is that a good father or head of a company that treats everyone with justice and encourage the growth of the welfare of the city. It is

more attention to the nature
Leonardo Da Vinci, "Homo without letters," dubbed so because it can read but not write Latin. Could write only in Italian. At the time the letters were all in Latin. Leonardo, however, has the skills to study the nature of his studies we have a huge documentation. To express his discoveries and inventions did not use the written word but the graphical representation. The instrument design was to try to understand "how it works." Leonardo

early in his career he earned his living by painting. Revolutionizes the art by making it more realistic. In the past, the paintings were all linked to the icons. With Leonardo is beginning to see crucifixes in the study of anatomy.
By studying Leonardo tries to understand how the flight of birds. His ideas led to the invention of the machine. Since
"Homo without letters" Leonardo is not theorized. Seeks to apply his findings, realizing prototypes.

At that time it was thought to dominate nature with magic. It was thought that the only way to fly was the magic, not science.

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Ludovico Ariosto - Clipboard Biography

born in 1474 under the sign of Virgo. His father was introduced in the court of Ferrara. His mother belonged to an aristocratic family of Reggio Emilia.

of Este in the town that time had Ferrara, Modena and Reggio Emilia.
have control of the mouth of the Po, and the road that connects Venice to the South was allied with the Holy Roman Empire. Ferrara when he clashed with Venice managed to win thanks to this alliance. Ferrara was an important river port, the Duke of Ferrara then created a port at the mouth of the Po Mesola, there he built a castle (Castle of Alcina in the Orlando Furioso)
Orlando Furioso: magic theme: white magic, black magic .
With the construction of the port began the competition with Venice, which at that time was employed against the Turks. He became a great center of trade for wool, which started from Abruzzo Puglia.

Ariosto studied law at Ferrara. Later he had contacts with the most prestigious literary gravitating around the court of Ferrara: Gregory Ellada, Alberto Pio (lord of Carpi, his family was the palace of Carpi), Ercole Strozzi (Florence), and Pietro Bembo (Venice, made the career in the church as a layman living: travel, luxury, women).

Ariosto has 9 brothers and sisters. His father died when he was young. Being the eldest son has the task of sharing the wealth with his brothers, maintain, and provide a dowry to marry off his sister.

writes satire. Satire = single genre invented by the Romans. From Lanx Satura: a plate of early southern characterized by various types fruit. The satire is a work ethic, moral behavior of men. Flacco is master of satire. Ariosto's satire is written in Italian. These are the arguments that the philosophical mold, marked the daily lives of Ferrara.

Ariosto lived a quiet life, was never the center of scandals. He was a man of desires and responsibilities. Waiting to get married until it was the last of her sisters. Fell in love with a woman already married, that following the death of a spouse married.

Summary page of the book. 385-389
1474 was born in Reggio Emilia. He studied law at the firm of Ferrara. Becomes 24 years of salaried Court: Bembo knows that resides at that time in Ferrara.
1500 her father died: they bear the large family.
1502 and captain of the fortress of Canossa.
1503-1517 is at the service of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este. Lets refusing to follow him to Agria, Hungary. At the same time he wrote the Orlando Furioso, published in 1516.
1518 enters the service of Duke Alfonso d'Este. Period of crisis for him and the Italian peninsula. The salary is due to him by the Duke is intermittent.
In 1522 he was awarded the Commissioner of the Garfagnana, a land of turmoil and bandits on the border of the duchy. Three years of office there, bring to light his great qualities as an administrator, diplomat and the ability to use cunning.
After the break with the cardinal made the Satires and the Five songs.
1526 back to Ferrara, his life improves. The Duke offers the most prestigious positions. He secretly married with Alessandra Benucci, widow of Tito Strozzi. 1533 to 59 years died in Ferrara.

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The Georgics

The Georgics of Virgil is the second work. Gheòrgos = peasant. Were written between 38 and 29 BC (32 years, full maturity of Virgil) after he entered the circle of Maecenas Virgil (Virgil, Horace, Propertius and Livy ..)

The Georgics is a didactic poem with learning function (unobserved, hidden, indirect)
The didactic poetry derives from Hellenism. Nicambro was the poet greek model of Virgil.

The Georgics are composed of four books.
In the first two speak of agriculture in the first cultivation of cereals and fruit, in the second crop of wines, like the olive and the vine.
In the third and fourth book the argument is the breeding, the first sheep (goats and sheep. It was the most important because farming viable almost anywhere, because it provided the raw material for fabrics), then in cattle (animals closer to the gods, used in sacrifices).

Original title:
· Georgicon Books IV (Greece);
· Georgica Carmina Books IV (the Latin). Carmina = Canti

The Georgics are not agricultural manuals. Pretending to talk about agriculture Virgil invites us to appreciate the world shaped by man. Enhances the family and is sacred work by the content.

Maecenas is remembered in all 4 books not only as the dedicatee of the work itself but also as an inspiration.

Mos maiorum: ethics of classical Latin (= custom of fathers)
In religion the Latin aspect prevails intolerance of indifference.

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William of Occam

The dog is a two-syllable / is a quadruped

"Supponit Pro Aliquo" (William of Occam)

The name is what we really know. The alleged essences of things are not intrinsic to things, but they are only one way to classify

theory of nominalism explained by William of Occam in the "Summa totius Logical"
The core of the thought of William of Occam is the doctrine of suppositio (= the theory of meaning).

suppositio of various types, the main
· formalis - when using a term for the genre or form of that - eg. Latrat Canis (Canis understood as a breed of dog)
· personalis - indicates when a term is a specific thing or person - eg. Latrat Canis (Canis heard a dog that I can see, given)
· Materialise - When a term is used so autonimo (= name of itself) - eg. 'Dog' is a syllable. In these cases, according to the contemporary logic you have to put the word in quotation marks.

Publius Virgilius Maro

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Publio Virgilio Marone - Biography Literature


- Publio Virgilio Marone (Publius: Roman name, Virgilius: from the Etruscan).
born in 70 BC near Mantua, from a family of medium-sized landowners. He studied Latin and Greek letters, math and medicine first in Cremona, then Milan and finally Rome. In Naples, he studied philosophy and in particular the concepts of Epicurus. There he met leading figures from the political and artistic (including Horace).

lives during the last phase of the civil wars. Since these are directly affected: the redistribution of land to the veterans, his family's possessions are confiscated. From there they moved all in Naples.

Augustus after the civil war to regroup Rome relies on Maecenas, a wealthy descendant of a political aristocracy Etruscan king.

Maecenas chooses Virgil and 3 other provincial

· Publio Virgilio Maro - Mantova
· Horace - Power
· Sextus Propertius - Assisi
· Tito Livio - Padova

Virgil wrote his early works and non-public, but that probably are read from Maecenas:
· Culex (Mosquito)
· Eclogues (bucolos = shepherd) 10 compositions in hexameter (six accents) dactylic. Pretending to speak of shepherds and a mythical place (Greece Arcadia) Virgil speaks with a refined love (love omofiliaci) speaks of feeling, not about sex, love of Greek.
· Georgics (= works for farmers), Virgil takes seven years to write, are the works that have made him famous.

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Late Renaissance - Mannerism

From the peace of Cateau-up to the age Cambrésis Baroque (1559-1600).
In Italy since 1527, the year of the sack of Rome by the troops of mercenaries in the pay of the Emperor Charles V.

Considerations period
1. Reduction of the States General
2. English hegemony
3. The affirmation of the Reformation Evangelical

This period is divided into
· Late Renaissance Mannerism
· "beautiful way". Current Italian art, especially painting. It is inspired by the manner of the great artists who had left the Renaissance (Michelangelo, Raphael). It tries to follow the style of their masters while maintaining the style. It is spreading in all countries, especially those Catholics as it is adopted by the Church of Rome to fight Protestantism. Has the greatest exponent of Torquato Tasso.


Torquato Tasso
His most important and best known is "The Jerusalem freed, "an epic poem that describes Catholic clashes between Christians and Muslims at the end of the First Crusade, during the siege of Jerusalem.
Considerations:
· Opera Gerusalemme Liberata guest of the Duke of Ferrara to the city under an assumed name when Calvin is a guest of the wife of the Duke.
· tells of the struggle against the Turks - the Ottomans began to harass the Church
· The Jerusalem Delivered "is the masterpiece of Italian literature of mannerism. ° Charges
wrote Jerusalem Delivered from the model of Ariosto, refining poetic.
° for 3 centuries La Gerusalemme Liberata will be read by all middle class / aristocracy.

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Louis XIV

In France in 1643 Louis XIII dies. His successor, Louis XIV was only 5 years. The regency of the country went to his mother, Anne of Austria, who ruled the country, together with Cardinal Mazarin. Cardinal Mazarin, the prime minister was chosen by Richelieu (his predecessor). The French people, but feels Richelieu, did not accept to be ruled by an Italian, originally from Abruzzo low-aristocratic and described as stingy. She thought that he wanted to get rich at their expense. However, he ruled until the age of 16, Louis XIV asked the power due to him.

Louis XIV, sixteen, took over the reins of the country with clear ideas about European policy. Louis XIV, later known as the Sun King (in that period was firmed the theory that the Sun is at the center of the universe), he prepared to exercise hegemony in Europe. His reign was the longest documented in Europe: 72 years and 100 days. He died in 1715.

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Situation English

In 1649 Charles I was beheaded. We are the English Revolution.

Oliver Cromwell establishes the New Model Army. Cromwell decided that in this intermediate stage England was not to establish a republic immediately.
Establishes a political model called commonwealth (= common good).
Cromwell declared Lord Protector of the common good (fully charged). Dissolve the Parliament and the House of Lords, those who had helped him in the Revolution, but they do not resist respecting his authority.

difference between authority and power, someone has authority when other people follow his direction, because it has prestige. Power is the ability to coerce others. In most of the power has the capacity to coerce (= Coercion (Latin coercive) is a protection provided by law which is done through the use of force in order to obtain a good or a service by an individual. The State may exercise only. Example: expropriation).

The 3 types of pure powers according to Max Weber is traditionally
: tied to tradition. Example: the council of elders in American Indians. Not enter the council by election but by tradition.
· Legal: limited by rules. Example: the power that a professor has on his students is limited only to his skills.
· Charismatic: occurs when there is a break with another government. Charism (gift = severe). Example: Giulio Cesare.

Max Weber states is rarely a person who is pure one of these powers. It is always a mixture of these three powers. Analysis

English
power of Charles I: 50% traditional, 50% legal. Cromwell
Power: 90% Charismatic.

The charismatic power lies in the characteristic of the person. As the principal has against the difficulty of finding a successor to a predominantly charismatic leader.

the death of Cromwell is thought to his son as his successor. So would return to the old model of hereditary monarchy. We must also take into account the fact that the son of Cromwell had no political ability.
When you called to power a family member Stuart: Restoration of the reign of the Stuarts.

Europe in the meantime had just emerged from 30 years of war. Many affected areas were already being taken. In 1648 the Dutch United Provinces were declared independent. France also was recovering.

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Philosophy 1648-1688: John Duns Scotus - Thomas Aquinas

What condition must be met to talk about God?
How can we think of something that transcends (goes beyond) of our experience?

God is "Omne Aliud" (= the other completely).

The concept of "Omne Aliud" leads to two answers:

· negative theology (he speaks of what is not God, based on experience)
· Mysticism: (silence, the divine reality is ineffable, the only road remains silent)

Ineffable = that which can not be said.

For Aquinas the basis for speaking of God is the concept of "Analogy Entis. The divine being is nothing, but there are similarities to be ours. The anolog be between our theology and divine help to have a cognitive value. Theology = discourse about God

"They subsistens Ipsum" shall have the subsistent being. This concept has nothing in common with our experience.

John Duns Scotus, the great philosopher of the Middle Ages known as "Doctor Subtilis" because of its subtlety.
Thomas Aquinas, known as "Doctor Angelicus."

Scotus was a Franciscan monk, Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican.

Values Trinity:
· Divine authority: the Father
· Sum wisdom: Son
• First Love: The Holy Spirit

Dominicans favored the supreme wisdom, the Franciscans first love.

John Duns Scotus denies the analogy of being. Supports the uniqueness of being.
Unique: what is to be understood properly only in one direction.
With the uniqueness of Being can only talk. It can be shown, however, the existence of God as first principle of beings.

Theology of John Duns Scotus is a science discipline or practice. It is the science that gives us the directions to follow to reach eternal happiness.

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Salvatore Borsellino. Rome September 26 Event "Red Diary"



The event will take place starting at 14:30 in Piazza della Repubblica (Piazza Esedra) where it will set up a stage on which people will be left to speak may do so. Then we will go in procession to Piazza Barberini, where the procession will be officially dissolved. A delegation will travel later to a protest outside the Superior Council of Magistracy (Independence Square). The others can come in any order in the same square and then we can bring us, again in random order, in front of the Quirinale. The event will end at 20.00.

The program is not yet final, in addition to initial membership in this event by Sonia Alfano, Gioacchino Genchi, Pine Masciari, Benny Calasanz, in the last hours were added those of Luigi de Magistris, Marco Travaglio and Antonio Di Pietro who has offered to help support the economic burden of this event without claiming to remove the spontaneous expression of his character and popular rather arguing that this will be the character. Hopefully, with the help of these people to succeed obtained by the police a different path and more like what was in our original intention that you plan to feed our calendars in the vicinity of Red in front of the Quirinale and CSM. This could lead to reverse the order of the event which would see the parade from a concentration in a square not far from the Quirinale and end in Piazza Esedra where he would take the actions planned with the participation of all persons indicated above.
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BERLIN WALL: THE FRAUD OF WEST BERLIN

But where he spent the "Berlin Wall"?

Speaking of the "Berlin Wall" are often heard making statements like: "The wall divided Berlin and Germany into two: one part was East Berlin with East Germany and West Berlin with the other West Germany. " Or: "The wall holding prisoners citizens of East Berlin (sic)."

This "common place" over the years has been fueled by obsessive litany of anti-Western media. Here's how to read, for example, a service of vintage Rai: "It 's just past midnight on August 13, 1961. The Army and the People's Militia, the Vopos, Islander East Berlin (sic), capital of the GDR, the western world, laying a barrier of barbed wire "

The Berlin Wall ... West
"Repeat a lie a hundred, a thousand, a million times and become a truth," Goebbels said that surely he meant. But in this case could simply open an old atlas to see what Berlin actually looked like a small circle divided into two in the middle of East Germany (GDR)! West Berlin was not at all part of West Germany (FRG), was near the border of which more than 100 km, but it was right in the territory of the GDR! And the wall to be built in 1961, not "held prisoner" citizens of East Berlin who could move freely throughout the territory of the GDR, but surrounded exclusively West Berlin (white semi-circle in the map)!

error
Stalin at the conferences of Yalta and Potsdam it was decided to split Germany into four administrative zones: Soviet, British, French and American. Despite the intransigence of the myth of Stalin's USSR, the Soviets did an incredible concession, agreed in Berlin, in the middle of their zone of control (later GDR), there were three armies of occupation of capitalist powers: the French, American and English!

To understand the enormity of the issue enough to imagine the same thing in reverse. It would have been possible, in the middle of the American occupation zone, not far from Austria and Italy, a Monaco divided into two parts, one of which is under the military control of the USSR, forever? Unthinkable!

It was a great ingenuity and a serious error, which undermined the foundations of the future state of the GDR, since the Western powers could proceed almost undisturbed by propaganda, espionage, sabotage and counter-actions, in the capital the largest socialist country in Europe.

Soviet weaknesses and the theft of the American West Berlin
The Soviets realized the error and tried several three times to lead the armies intruders to withdraw from Berlin, so that the entire city could become an integral and undivided capital of the future socialist state, but were unable to get to the bottom, because of criminal arrogance of the Americans who were willing to unleash a new world war in order to keep this imperial outpost in the midst of a socialist country.

In 1948-49, as required during the late block of West Berlin by the Soviets (or block all access roads and rail), the three armies usurpers were compelled, sooner or later, to abandon the western part of city.

With typical imperialist arrogance, Americans, British and French decided instead to bypass the lock by organizing an airlift that clearly violates the airspace and heavily the Soviet zone: 1,398 flights a day well, a real airborne invasion!

The Soviets, unfortunately, did not understand the American people that their move was tantamount to a declaration of war and who would pay the consequences, or the slaughter of all the planes had flown over the airspace under Soviet control, but allowed passively airlift, suffering a crushing humiliation.

The USSR, the first state of workers and peasants, had joined the DNA in their love for peace and humanity and was more responsible compared to the capitalist countries, on the contrary, they see in war a huge source of profits, but this innate vocation of the land of the Soviets then turned into a large weakness (the same thing will happen during the Cuban missile crisis, when it was still Once the USSR to give up in front of the unlawful U.S. naval blockade in international waters).

"The Anti-Fascist Barrier"
At this point we chose an alternative solution that is building the wall around West Berlin, the "Anti-Fascist Barrier" ("Antifaschisticher Schutzwall"), as was rightly called, perhaps in hope that the three imperialist powers occupants to abandon West Berlin. At 1:11 on August 13, 1961 the East Berlin radio aborted the transmission "Melodien zur Nacht" for an extraordinary statement:

"The governments of the states of the Warsaw Pact are addressed to Parliament and the Government of DDR to the border with West Berlin enters into force a new system that can effectively prevent any subversive activities against the socialist bloc countries, while ensuring a reliable surveillance throughout the area surrounding the western part of town. "

It could not be otherwise, given that West Berlin was Nazi regurgitant recycled, soldiers, spies and Western officials, who would not have struggled to get out of town, located in the middle of the GDR (DDR in German) and carry out their criminal plans.

What Lies Beneath by western propaganda
Between 1961 and 1989 twenty-seven of the GDR border soldiers were killed by gunshot. In many cases, the border guards were killed by American soldiers and police in West Berlin, but also by civilians fleeing. A special memory worth

Peter Goring and Reinhold Huhn, both killed at the Berlin Wall in 1962. Peter Goring was struck mortal-mind by a bullet coming from the West 23 May 1962 near the cemetery Invalidenstraße during an exchange of gun shots between border guards and policemen in the GDR to West Berlin because of a drain in place.

border Reinhold Huhn The soldier lost his life June 18, 1962 near Checkpoint Charlie. Reinhold kept under control while other per-sons who were entering a tunnel to escape the West, one of the fugitives drew a weapon and stabbed him to death.

Reihnold Huhn and Peter Goring heroes were socialists. For them and other soldiers to the border killed, a memorial was erected in the district of Mitte where they were conduct of the recruits of border troops, the foreign delegations and school youth and children. The road passing by - the Schiitzenstraße - was renamed Reinhold Huhn-Straße.

The disappearance of history

All this can only make us aware of the disturbing evanescence and immateriality of our "knowledge" in the capitalist-democratic countries, because of the history, law, moral status, etc., are in fact a construction artifact that is only to the preservation of political and economic power of the bourgeoisie: distort, mystify, falsifying and manipulate the history and events is the only mission.

Obviously the history of the GDR is a far cry from the usual pap smear, criminalizing and shameful that we propinano historians hired by the world media and bourgeois power. In this chorus bleating out there, alas, some confused neo-communist, newly-Stalinists dell'antistalinismo, using the same categories and the same arguments as the most reactionary anti-communist.

Sure, there were contradictions mistakes, betrayals, but in essence it was a heroic and glorious experience, gained at the expense of the lives of many comrades. Proletarian vanguard who tried the example of the Soviet Union, to create a classless society without exploitation, without privileges or in which there was no place for falsehood of religion.

"The GDR is a socialist state of workers and peasants. It is the political organization of the working population of the city and the countryside under the guidance of the working class and its Marxist-Leninist. "
(the Constitution of the GDR, 1974)

Photo No. 3 is from Wikipedia: East Berlin, August 13, 1986, celebrations for the twenty-five years of the creation of the wall. Written on the panel: "25 Jahre antifaschisticher Schutzwall" (25 th anniversary of the Anti-Fascist Barrier)

UAACS - Union for the anti-religious atheism and Soviet Communism

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FAITH AND FOLLY

We have various terms to describe people who embrace many beliefs for which there is no rational justification. If their beliefs are extremely common, we call them "religious." Otherwise, those individuals are defined as "crazy," "psychotic" or "deluded". The majority of believers is perfectly healthy, of course, including those who commit atrocities in the name of their beliefs.

What is the difference between a man who believes that God will reward you with 72 virgins if he kills a score of Jewish teenagers and one believes that creatures from Alpha Centauri are sending messages to the world peace through the dryer? Actually there is a difference, but it does not give religion a flattering shade. The

Faith brings a certain kind of person to believe that no one else believes. Be guided by ideas for which you do not have concrete evidence (and, therefore, can not be justified in discussions with other human beings) generally indicates a way of thinking deeply unfair. This does not mean that all believers are mentally ill.

Yet, for some historical accident, is considered normal in our society believe that the Creator of the universe can hear our thoughts, and is a symptom of mental illness believe that is communicating with us in Morse code through the rain beating on the glass the bedroom. So even though in general people are not religious crazy, their beliefs are absolutely.

This is not surprising, since almost all religions have merely canonized a few of the fruits of ignorance and mental imbalance of the old and pass them on to us, as though they were primordial truths. As a result, billions of people still believe things that no sane person would believe on their own. In fact, it's hard to imagine a set of beliefs more than those fools that are the basis for many of our religious traditions.

Consider one of the cornerstones of the Catholic faith: "By the consecration the transubstantiation of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ. Under the consecrated species of bread and wine, Christ himself, living and glorious, is present in a living, real and substantial, his Body and Blood with his soul and divinity.. " From the Catechism of the Catholic Church of Rome.

Jesus Christ, who, as is known, was born of a virgin, did it in defiance of death and ascended to heaven in the flesh, can now be eaten as a host. A few Latin words spoken on your favorite wine and you can also drink his blood. You can doubt that anyone asserted these beliefs on their own would take a fool? Or rather, there is some doubt over whether it is actually crazy?

The danger inherent in religious faith is that it allows otherwise normal human beings to reap the fruits of madness and consider them sacred. As each new generation of children is taught that religious propositions need not be justified as is the case for all other, civilization is still besieged by armies of irrational individuals. Even today we kill each other for the ancient literature. Who would have thought possible eventuality so tragically absurd?

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Lenin and militant atheism

written by Lenin 12 March 1922 and published in No 3 of the magazine "Pod znameniem Marxism" ( Under the banner of Marxism) magazine of philosophy, politics and economics that was published in Russian and German.

A magazine wanting to be the body of the militant materialism must be a body fighting, first in that it must terminate and tirelessly pursue the current "lackeys graduates clerical obscurantism," whether they act as representatives Journal of science or as snipers who call themselves journalists' democratic left or socialist ideas .

Secondly, this journal should be the body of 'militant atheism . We departments or at least the official bodies whose task this work. But it is conducted with extreme softness, in a completely unsatisfactory and suffers the burden of the very conditions of our typical Russian bureaucracy (although Soviet).

E 'is therefore very important to complete the work of state bodies, to correct it and animate it, the magazine, which aims to become the organ of the militant materialism, leads propaganda and a tireless fight for atheism . You have to follow carefully all the published material in all languages, by translating, or at least review, all that has a certain value.

Engels has long urged the leaders of the modern proletariat to translate and widely disseminate among the people atheistic publications, battles of the late eighteenth century. To our shame, we have not yet done so (and this is one of many tests that are far easier to win power in a revolutionary period, that knowing how to serve it properly).

It does sometimes justify the weakness, failure to act, our inability by all sorts of considerations "higher order", saying for example that the old atheistic literature of the eighteenth century is outdated, unscientific, childish, and so on. There is nothing worse than similar pseudo-scientific sophistry, which mask or pedantry, or a complete misunderstanding of Marxism.

course in the works of atheistic revolutionaries of the eighteenth century one can find many things are not scientific and puerile. But nothing prevents the publishers of these works to reduce them and accompany them with brief annotations remember that the progress of scientific criticism of religions made by humanity since the end of the eighteenth century, indicating the most recent works on the subject, etc..

would be the biggest mistake, and the worst that would commit a Marxist to believe that the popular masses, made up of millions of human beings (and especially the mass of peasants and artisans) to pay the darkness, all 'ignorance and prejudices of modern society as a whole, can get out of this darkness just following the right path to a purely Marxist education.

E 'imperative to give these people the most varied material of atheistic propaganda, put them in contact with the facts relating to the most different domains of life, approach them in one way or another for them, then awakened from their sleep religious , shake them from all sides by the most different, and so on.

Publications lively, clever old atheists of the eighteenth century, who openly attacked, and so witty dominant clerical obscurantism, will prove more often than a thousand times more suitable to awaken people from sleep, religious, not paraphrases Marxism, boring, dry, almost entirely lacking in facts cleverly chosen, to show that prevail in our literature, and (needless to hide the sin), often distort Marxism.

All the works of Marx and Engels of some importance that we have been translated. The fear that, for us, the old the old materialism and atheism will be left without the corrections that you have made Marx and Engels, is therefore unfounded. The essential - and often forget the fact that our community, self-proclaimed Marxist, which actually distort Marxism - is able to affect the masses quite yet uncultivated a conscious attitude towards religious issues and a critical awareness of religions.

On the other hand, look at the representatives of the modern scientific criticism of religions. Almost always, these representatives of the bourgeoisie Read "complete" denial of their own religious prejudices on the reasoning with them immediately unmasked as ideological slaves of the bourgeoisie as a "lackey graduates clerical obscurantism."

two examples: the prof. R. Iu. Vipper has published a booklet in 1918: The Origins of Christianity (ed. Pharos, Moscow). Paraphrasing the main achievements of modern science, the author, not only does not fight prejudice and deceit are the weapons of the church as a political organization, not only remains silent on these issues, but the claim really ridiculous and ultrareazionaria to rise above the two "extremes": the idealistic and the materialistic. This means that serve the ruling bourgeoisie, all over the world, draws hundreds of millions of rubles on the profits squeezed from workers to support religion.

Arthur Drews The well-known German scientist who, in his book entitled The Myth of Christ, refutes the tales and religious prejudices and demonstrates that no Christian has ever existed, at the end of the book be delivered to the religion, but for a religion renewed, cleaned, refined, able to cope with "the natural stream that is growing day by day" (p. 238 of 4. German edition, 1910). He is a reactionary said, conscious that helps openly pimps to replace the old and rotten religious bias, prejudice brand new, even more repugnant and vile.

This does not mean that we should not translate Drews. This means that the communists and all the material as a consequence, even allies, to some extent, with the progressive part of the bourgeoisie, must tirelessly denounce it when it falls in the reaction. Avoid the alliance with the representatives of the bourgeoisie of the eighteenth century, namely the era in which the bourgeoisie was revolutionary, it would mean betraying Marxism and materialism, because "the alliance" with the Drews, in one form or another and within various constraints, it is essential to that we are fighting against the dominant religious obscurantism.

magazine under the banner of Marxism, which aims to be the body of the militant materialism, much should reserve space for atheistic propaganda, the exhibition of publications on the subject and to correct the enormous weaknesses of our state action in this field. Particularly important is the use of books and pamphlets that contain many facts and many comparisons demonstrating the relationship between interests and organizations of the bourgeoisie and the modern institutions of religious organizations and religious propaganda.

particularly important is all the material for the United States of America, where the official connection, state, between religion and the capital is less apparent. But there is more clearly that the so-called "modern democracy" (before which they prostrated themselves so inconsiderately the Mensheviks, the Socialist rivoluzionaci and, in part, anarchists ) is nothing but the freedom to preach what the bourgeoisie should you preach, and preach it agrees the most reactionary ideas, religion, obscurantism, the defense of the exploiters , etc..

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

(Lenin)

UAACS - Union for the anti-religious atheism and Soviet Communism